What Are Modal Verbs Explain With

Modal phrases or semi modals are used to express the same things as modals but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the preposition to. All modal auxiliary verbs are followed by a main verb in its base form ; they can never be followed by other modal verbs, lone auxiliary verbs, or nouns. Like other auxiliary verbs, modal verbs work together with a main verb to give a different meaning to a sentence/clause than if the main verb was used by itself. Modal verbs are so common that most English speakers don't even know what the grammatical name for them is. Note that modal auxiliary verbs are a type of auxiliary verb.

Auxiliary verbs encompass tenses, aspects, modality , voice, emphasis and so on. There are many other category of verbs in English like phrasal verbs. In this ESL skills course you can learn natural English phrases. Learn even more about English grammar in this introduction to grammar course. Modal auxiliary verbs are used to uniquely shift the meaning of the main verb they modify, expressing things such as possibility, likelihood, ability, permission, obligation, or intention.

As we will see, how and when we use modal verbs greatly affects the meaning of our writing and speech. Modal auxiliary verbs are used to show a necessity, capability, willingness, or possibility. Unlike most verbs, there is only one form of these verbs.

Typically, verb forms change to indicate whether the sentence's structure is singular or plural. Most verbs also indicate whether something happened in the past, present, or future. This is not the case with most modal auxiliary verbs, which makes them simpler to understand and use correctly. Modal auxiliary verbs combine with other verbs to express ideas such as necessity, possibility, intention, and ability.

In each example below, the verb phrase is in bold and the modal auxiliary verb is highlighted. As a modal auxiliary verb, will is particularly versatile, having several different functions and meanings. Permission supposition with doubt if not prohibition. The modal verbs of english are a small class of auxiliary verbs used to express possibility obligation advice permission ability.

The modal auxiliary verb would has a variety of functions and uses. It is used in place of will for things that happened or began in the past, and, like shall, it is sometimes used in place of will to create more formal or polite sentences. It is also used to express requests and preferences, to describe hypothetical situations, and to politely offer or ask for advice or an opinion.

Remember that modal verbs are auxiliary verbs, or helping verbs, that are most commonly used to talk about possibility or necessity. You can also use modal verbs to ask for and give permission, describe ability, and give advice. See the section on Conditional Verb Forms for help with the modal auxiliary would.

The shades of meaning among modal auxiliaries are multifarious and complex. Most English-as-a-Second-Language textbooks will contain at least one chapter on their usage. For more advanced students, A University Grammar of English, by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, contains an excellent, extensive analysis of modal auxiliaries. When used with the main verb, modal verbs do not end with -s for the third-person singular. Modal auxiliary verbs never change form, but they have a different form for past tense.

Modal verbs are followed by a base verb the plain dictionary definition of a verb like jump help sing play or read. Learn the list of modal verbs in english with grammar rules and example sentences. I'd wager you use auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliary verbs without giving them a second thought, so I'm mindful that this page has covered a lot of gumpf that you don't really need. Well, that's true provided we're talking about working in English.

If you start learning a foreign language, it won't be too long before you'll be unpicking how they express tense, voice and mood. And, do you know what's a good starting point for that? Modal verbs perform various functions, depending on how they are used within a given text. They show possibilities, abilities, and predictions.

They aid writers in discussing the future with certainty, or discussing the past with uncertainty. They help writers make promises and decisions, as well as give permission or reassurance. Modal verbs also aid other verbs in expressing their meanings. Grammatically, modal verbs make sentences more complete and meaningful.

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs. They work with other verbs to show various conditions, such as possibility or necessity. Modal verbs do not change form based on the verb tense of the sentence; they do not have conjugated forms. In English, the modal verbs are used to express ability, possibility, permission or obligation. Each one of the modal verbs can be used to express one or more of these modalities. They can also be used to form the future tense in English and to make conditional sentences.

Similarly, we cannot use modal verbs with main verbs that are in a past-tense form; the verb that follows a modal must always be in its base form . Instead, we either use certain modal verbs that have past-tense meanings of their own, or auxiliary have to create a construction that has a specific past-tense meaning. In English, modal verbsare a small class of auxiliary verbs used to express ability, permission, obligation, prohibition, probability, possibility, advice. In many Germanic languages, the modal verbs may be used in more functions than in English. In German, for instance, modals can occur as non-finite verbs, which means they can be subordinate to other verbs in verb catenae; they need not appear as the clause root. In Swedish, some modal verbs have infinitive forms.

This for instance enables catenae containing several modal auxiliaries. The modal verbs are underlined in the following table. In English, main verbs but not modal verbs always require the auxiliary verb do to form negations and questions, and do can be used with main verbs to form emphatic affirmative statements. In the strict sense, though, these other verbs do not qualify as modal verbs in English because they do not allow subject-auxiliary inversion, nor do they allow negation with not.

If, however, one defines modal verb entirely in terms of meaning contribution, then these other verbs would also be modals and so the list here would have to be greatly expanded. Could are modal auxiliary verbs that express an ability, permission, request, offer or opportunity. In this article, we'll explore the differences between canandcould, and how to use each. Since modal auxiliary verbs do not have a past tense form, we can use the modal auxiliary along with the word 'have' and a past participle. Past participles typically end in -d, -ed, -n, or -en, creating the past tense 'wished, looked, taken,' and so forth. Let's take a look at an example in the present tense.

The nine modal verbs outlined above are different from other verbs in that they never change forms. Even when obeying subject-verb-agreement, these verbs will be identical when used with singular or plural subjects as in Cheetahs can run fast and a cheetah can run fast. In addition to this, these verbs typically are used only with certain verb tenses.

For example, you are likely to hear the sentence It might be cloudy tomorrow but are unlikely to hear the sentence It might will be cloudy tomorrow. Generally speaking, these modal verbs are most often used with verbs in the present tenses . As if English wasn't hard enough to learn, modal verbs complicate things even further. There are a lot of irregularities in the English language that can be confusing to students learning it as a second to their native tongue. English and other Germanic languages, however, utilize modal verbs to help express a function and are vital to gaining command of the English language. Modal verbs attach differing shades of meaning to the main verbs they modify.

It is often the case that this difference in meaning is or seems to be very slight. As with the primary auxiliary verbs, modal verbs can be used with not to create negative sentences, and they can all invert with the subject to create interrogative sentences. Prepared list of sentences using a wide range of modal auxiliary verbs . This activity will get students up and moving while they practice what they have learned about modal auxiliary verbs. Modal auxiliary verbs like can, may, ought, shall, and wood are used to suggest an impending or possible upcoming action.

Learn to identify modal auxiliary verbs, understand their purpose, and indicate past tense with the provided examples. A modal verb is an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. An auxiliary verb, also called a helping verb, "helps" other verbs show moods and tenses. Auxiliary verbs include forms of do, be, and have.

Examples are permission obligation lack of necessity possibility ability prohibition advice and probability. Examples of modal verbs example 1 you should stop biting your fingernails. As modal verbs behave irregularly in past and negative forms, it can be difficult for children to learn how to use them correctly. For example, the word 'must' has different past tenses depending on its function.

In order to read or download modal verbs of ability and permission exercise at auto english pdf ebook, you need to create a FREE account. Modal verbs are a part of the larger category called auxiliary verbs which are verbs that cannot be used on their own. Sometimes modal verbs are called modal auxiliaries. Write down all the sentences with modal auxiliary verbs. Indicate what type of modal auxiliary verb is used in each sentence.

These modal verbs are used to express different meanings of possibility and intention. They enhance the meanings of main verbs, and certain verbs are used to express each meaning. All of these modal verbs must come before a verb to help express at least one of the modality examples listed above.

In some cases, though they can be used to express more than one modality, but you'll see more on that in the following section. So, let's take a look at some example sentences and highlight how the modal verb is expressing modality and adding more information to the verbs that follow them. Hawaiian Pidgin is a creole language most of whose vocabulary, but not grammar, is drawn from English. As is generally the case with creole languages, it is an isolating language and modality is typically indicated by the use of invariant pre-verbal auxiliaries. The invariance of the modal auxiliaries to person, number, and tense makes them analogous to modal auxiliaries in English. However, as in most creoles the main verbs are also invariant; the auxiliaries are distinguished by their use in combination with a main verb.

In academic writing, modal verbs are most frequently used to indicate logical possibility and least frequently used to indicate permission. Eight modal verbs are listed under each of the functions they can perform in academic writing, and are ordered from strongest to weakest for each function. Notice that the same modal can have different strengths when it's used for different functions (e.g., may or can).

Modal verbs show intention, rather than action. When used with other verbs in the sentence, they can make your meaning as clear as you want it to be. Test your knowledge of modal verbs with an examination of may vs. might. You can also make sure you're using can vs. could correctly in your writing and everyday speech. As a modal verb, "should" has many important uses in the English language.

It's used to give advice, to express what's right, and to recommend an action. Also, it's used to make predictions, but ones that are more uncertain than those with the other modal verbs. The modal verb "might" is used to express possibility in the present or in the future. It can be used as the verb "may" most times, however, it often means that the event has less possibility of happening than when it's said using may. Its negative form, "might not " is used to talk about possibilities but in a negative way.

The modal verb might is most often used to express an unlikely or uncertain possibility. Might also acts as a very formal and polite way to ask for permission, and it is used as the past-tense form of may when asking permission in reported speech. It can also be used to suggest an action, or to introduce two differing possibilities. As a modal auxiliary verb, can is most often used to express a person or thing's ability to do something.

It is also used to express or ask for permission to do something, to describe the possibility that something can happen, and to issue requests and offers. Auxiliary verbs add grammatical or functional meaning to the clauses in which they are used. They can be used to express aspect, voice, modality, tense, etc. For example, I have read this book so many times. "Have" is an auxiliary, which helps express the perfect aspect. Since modal verbs are not the main verb in a sentence, they are not conjugated or inflected to show grammatical changes in the subject.

What is modal verbs explain and give the example. Could is the modal verb in the verb phrase could sing you must attend our wedding. Modal verbs are different from other auxiliary verbs as they cannot stand alone in a sentence. Other helping verbs, called modal auxiliaries or modals, such as can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would, do not change form for different subjects. For instance, try substituting any of these modal auxiliaries for can with any of the subjects listed below. The modal 'can' is a commonly used modal verb in English.

It is used to express; ability, opportunity, a request, to grant permission, to show possibility or impossibility. It is this large amount of functions and the fact that 'can' is replaced by other modals when it is used to express future or past time that often lead to certain errors. You can also use modal verbs of necessity in imperative sentences. Must and should are commonly found when a speaker gives advice or makes commands.

Puppies For Sale Mn Craigslist

Wantedoldmotorcycles.com ) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting. 8 week old fun puppies, up to date on shots, several to choose from $1900 west metro. Wantedoldmotorcycles.com hennepin county ) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting Favorite this post aug 12.

How To Sell Puppies Lovetoknow from cf.ltkcdn.net Romeo is an akc registered english golden retriever puppy. We are responsible breeders, breeding sparingly and to benefit. A German Shepherd breeder will know their breed better than a dog breeder who is not registered. You will know whether they are doing something right or wrong.

The German Shepherd dogs will be ready to go as soon as the vets approve of the health condition of the puppy. You can find leashes & collars, crates, and also how to housebreak you golden retriever puppies. The golden retriever is one of the most popular dogs in america and is a popular breed in many parts of the world.

The reason for this is that the American Kennel Club has been influenced by International Law. They now have the right to issue their own breed standards and therefore they can decide that you cannot register your puppies with them. This will affect you if you choose to sell the German Shepherd puppies for sale.

You will not be able to sell them on Craigslist, but if you find a good dog breeder they may be willing to buy. A breeder can register the puppies with the dog registry in your city if they do not register your dogs with the International Kennel Club. Find Yorkshire Terriers for Sale in St. Cloud, MN on Oodle Classifieds. Join millions of people using Oodle to find puppies for adoption, dog and puppy listings, and other pets adoption. The search for a good breeder on the Internet for German Shepherd puppies Mn Craigslist should be very easy.

Just keep in mind that you will be buying from a purebred dog, which means that all genetic anomalies are automatically ruled out and there is only one problem. Since they are classified as purebred dogs, they are, naturally, not going to exhibit any of the genetic problems that happen with mixed breed dogs. This means that you are free from having to worry about anything that goes wrong when you get your German Shepherd puppies MN. Bringing home your golden retriever puppy is such an exciting moment. Buy from an excellent selection of Yorkie Pom puppies and dogs.Ohio puppy sales and selection. When looking at German Shepherd puppies for sale, you want to make sure that the breeder has a good reputation.

Check out the references that the website has to make sure that the person is responsible. Also, if you don't know much about owning animals then getting references from the person you're buying from is just as good. If possible, call the office of the State Board of Registration and Education to see if the pet was ever trained or licensed. There are often at these events local shelters or rescue groups that will allow people to adopt a dog for free. Just because the person has a dog doesn't mean they are good with dogs.

Adoption is always a good thing but if you have any questions about the owner's experience with the pet then make sure to ask before adopting. Craigslist does not allow people to sell their pets online, but they will allow you to list them there and you can have them shipped to you. If you are trying to sell your German Shepherd puppy then Craigslist will work just fine for you. You should also be careful when buying German Shepherd puppies MN from a breeder. If you are the kind of person that wants to give your dog lots of attention then you need to take note of this. A German Shepherd puppy with a lot of attention can be very friendly towards children.

One of the reasons why German Shepherd puppies MN is so popular with children is that they are highly intelligent. They can be trained to do a variety of things, which will be useful when they grow up. German Shepherd puppies MN are used as police dogs in some areas because they can learn a lot from doing this. We have collected the best sources for Baxter deals, Baxter classifieds, garage sales, pet adoptions and more. Also you can search our Minnesota Classifieds page for all state deals.

Here is a hint that can help you when you are looking for where to buy German Shepherd puppies in MN. That is, make sure that you choose a breeder who will test the dogs you buy. Having to go through a breeder does not mean that you have to choose a bad breeder, it just means that you need to be more careful. They love children, so it would be great if you were to let your children spend time with them.

Most people assume that breeding purebred dogs with other purebred dogs are no longer acceptable for purebred dogs, but this is not true. A German Shepherd puppy can and will be sold to a family that does not have children because the breed standard does not include children as one of the faults. People interested in Craigslist Fargo ND also searched for.

I get asked a lot where I get my animals from, and many times I find them for rescue or rehoming on Craigslist. Police say she threw the dogs out of a vehicle onto a parking lot pavement. Police arrested the boyfriend, too, for allegedly breaking the woman's nose. On Monday, police went to the address the vehicle was registered to. When they got to the door, they could see the stolen puppy running around the living room.

Per store policy to help prevent theft, the employee asked them for their IDs. When they were done playing with the puppies, they returned the dogs and got their IDs back. Your prescription for Retail Therapy in Baxter starts here! Find exactly what you're looking for, before you even leave home with the best from local Baxter eBay listings, Let's Talk for cell phone plans and more.

The German Shepherd is a large, strong dog with a well-developed muscle mass and skeletal structure. Their head is straight, their eyes are deep-set, and they are naturally neat in appearance. Their ears are perkier than most terriers and they have no problems with noise. You do not want to get a dog that is older than you when you own it. If you are looking for one that has a thin coat, you should check the craigslist pet section.

Many people prefer to buy active homes, so if you are looking for a home that has little or no activity in it then you will be able to find them very easily. These are dogs that enjoy running around outside and being outdoors, so they are not shy about this. Just make sure that you buy a puppy that is healthy and clean. When you are looking for where to buy German Shepherd puppies in MN, the one thing that you should keep in mind is that these dogs are great with children.

If you decide to buy a puppy from a breeder instead of registering it with the German Shepherd Dog Registry, you will be able to tell the difference. In the past, the German Shepherd Puppies for Sale had to be registered in the German Shepherd Dog Registry by the law. This is because it is a member of the American Kennel Club and so was registered with them.

They are an American breed and so the breeding and registration have to take place with the American Kennel Club. The registry was established by this group of people who wanted to maintain the breeding standards of the German Shepherd. The law was changed at some point, and now you can register the puppies without having to go through the Breeders Registration Bureau. Checking 'include nearby areas' will expand your search.

Social Security Numbers By State

Constitutional challenges to the collection of social security numbers by government agencies have, for the most part, been unsuccessful. Thus, various courts have held that requiring an SSN on a driver's license application is constitutional, as is the requirement that persons disclose their SSNs as a condition for receiving welfare benefits or food stamps. In cases where an individual's SSN is publicly displayed or disseminated, court challenges in recent years have been more successful, particularly where fundamental rights such as the right to vote or the right to free speech are involved. Section 7 of the Privacy Act of 1974 provided some limits on compulsory divulgence of the social security number to government entities.

However, exceptions in that statute and succeeding statutes resulted in only minimal restrictions on governmental usage of the SSN. Today, an individual needs an SSN to pay taxes, obtain a driver's license, and open a bank account, among other things. The continued use of, and reliance on, SSNs by public and private sector entities and the potential for SSN misuse, including identity theft concerns, has led to increasing efforts by governmental entities to limit the use and disclosure of SSNs. However, no single federal law comprehensively regulates SSN collection and confidentiality. A town clerk or clerk of court is authorized to redact the personal information identified in a request submitted under this section. The request must be made in writing, legibly signed by the requester, and delivered by mail, facsimile, or electronic transmission, or delivered in person to the town clerk or clerk of court.

The request for redaction shall be considered a public record with access restricted to the town clerk, the clerk of court, their staff, or upon order of the court. The town clerk or clerk of court shall have no duty to inquire beyond the written request to verify the identity of a person requesting redaction and shall have no duty to remove redaction for any reason upon subsequent request by an individual or by order of the court, if impossible to do so. No fee will be charged for the redaction pursuant to such request. Any person who requests a redaction without proper authority to do so shall be guilty of an infraction, punishable by a fine not to exceed $500.00 for each violation. The Social Security number has a unique status as a privacy risk.

No other form of personal identification plays such a significant role in linking records that contain sensitive information that individuals generally wish to keep confidential. The broad use and public exposure of SSNs has been a major contributor to the tremendous growth in recent years in identity theft and other forms of credit fraud. The need to significantly reduce the risks to individuals of the inappropriate disclosure and misuse of SSNs has led California to enact legislation to limit their use and display. California law is intended to deter public disclosure of social security numbers. It does not prohibit use of social security numbers for internal verification, or administrative purpose, or as otherwise required by law. Thus, various courts have held that requiring an SSN on a driver's license application is constitutional, as is the requirement that persons disclose their SSNs as a condition for receiving welfare benefits or food stamps.

In cases where an individual's SSN is publicly displayed or disseminated, court challenges in recent years have been more successful, particularly where fundamental rights such as the right to vote or the right to free speech are involved. Today, an individual needs an SSN to pay taxes, obtain a driver's license, and open a bank account, among other things. Further, the Act does not apply to an agency's collection, use, or disclosure of social security numbers as required by State or federal law, rule, or regulation. The Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. § 552a) is the federal law that regulates the use of SSNs.

The social security number is not a permanent student identifier, and it will not be required for student identification purposes. A student receives a permanent DSU ID number (900#) which serves as his/her unique identifier on campus. DSU must report names and social security numbers to the IRS for every tuition-paying student. The Department of Financial Aid also has reporting requirements in which social security numbers must be supplied. If any student receives compensation from the university because of employment or other reasons, federal law requires that we report to the IRS that compensation along with the recipient's social security number. DSU will not disclose the social security number of any student to anyone outside the Mississippi IHL system except as allowed by law or with permission from the individual or as approved by DSU legal counsel.

Since then, Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers. Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them, it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one. While the government cannot require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis, companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN. The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph, no physical description, and no birth date. All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name.

Instead, a driver's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults. In 1976 Congress amended the Social Security Act, in effect providing an additional exception to the statutory protection afforded people who refuse to disclose their SSNs (see Doyle v. Wilson, 529 F. Supp. 1343, 1349 (D. Del. 1982)). If neither of those two conditions is satisfied, then the government entity may still ask an individual to voluntarily submit his or her SSN.

In either situation where an SSN is requested, the agency must fully disclose what uses will be made of the number. The Identity Protection Act is an Illinois state law that became effective June 1, 2010, seeking to control the collection and use of Social Security Numbers by state and local government agencies. The Act specifically prohibits certain uses of Social Security Numbers at public institutions and agencies, creates collection and protection requirements, and also requires state agencies to enact an identity protection policy for public view and for employees working with Social Security Numbers .

The collecting of social security numbers is required of all employees of the university, all tuition-paying students, students receiving financial aid, and other individuals for which state and federal law require the reporting of SSNs. If there is no legal requirement to collect a SSN from a particular individual, DSU will not require such an individual to provide their SSN and will not deny any service as a consequence. DSU will not disclose the social security number of any individual to anyone outside the Mississippi Institutions of Higher Learning system except as allowed by law or with permission from the individual or as approved by DSU legal counsel. Print an individual's Social Security number on any materials that are mailed to the individual, through the U.S.

Postal Service, any private mail service, electronic mail, or any similar method of delivery, unless State or federal law requires the Social Security number to be on the document to be mailed. A Social Security number that is permissibly mailed will not be printed, in whole or in part, on a postcard or other mailer that does not require an envelope or be visible on an envelope without the envelope having been opened. A person or State or local government agency must redact social security numbers from the information or documents before allowing the public inspection or copying of the information or documents. It was hoped that citizens, fully informed where the disclosure was not required by law and facing no loss of opportunity in failing to provide the SSN, would be unlikely to provide an SSN and institutions would not pursue the SSN as a form of identification.

The Illinois Department of Revenue adopts this Identity-Protection Policy ("Policy") pursuant to the Identity Protection Act (5 ILCS 179/1 et seq.). The Identity Protection Act requires each local and State government agency to draft, approve, and implement an Identity-Protection Policy to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of Social Security numbers agencies collect, maintain, and use. It is important to safeguard Social Security numbers ("SSNs") against unauthorized access because SSNs can be used to facilitate identity theft.

One way to better protect SSNs is to limit the widespread dissemination of those numbers. The Identity Protection Act was passed in part to require local and State government agencies to assess their personal information collection practices, and to make necessary changes to those practices to ensure confidentiality. In Georgia, businesses are now required to safely dispose of records that contain personal identifiers.

Georgia Senate Bill 475 requires that business records-including data stored on computer hard drives-must be shredded or in the case of electronic records, completely wiped clean where they contain SSNs, driver's license numbers, dates of birth, medical information, account balances, or credit limit information. Only approved university employees, including approved student workers and approved graduate assistants, will have access to SSN data. In order to be authorized to view and use electronic SSN data, approval must be obtained with copies of such authorization sent to the social security officer. Justification should be included as to why an individual needs access to the data.

For access to paper copies of documents that contain social security information, each person requiring such access should have on record within the department or unit a signed statement of confidentiality. With the exception of sections 2 and 5 above, this statute does not apply to the department of revenue or any law enforcement agency of the state, county, city, town or political subdivision. This statute does not prevent the collection or release of an SSN if that collection or release is required by law or if it is necessary for internal verification or administrative purposes. Although in practice it was the SSN which was used, no provision in federal law had specifically required that the SSN be the identifying number for federal tax purposes until the 1976 amendment.

It shall be unlawful for any Federal, State or local government agency to deny to any individual any right, benefit, or privilege provided by law because of such individual's refusal to disclose his social security account number. If a federal law takes effect requiring any federal agency to establish a national unique patient health identifier program, any State or local government agency that complies with the federal law shall be deemed to be in compliance with this Act. In response to the concern for protecting personal data, both government and business SSN usage has decreased in recent times. For example, laws have changed to prohibit using SSNs on driver's licenses or requiring them on birth records.

These actions are a response to the identity theft concern—and change will continue. Illinois Governor Rod R. Blagojevich signed legislation last week outlawing the practice of "pretexting," pretending to be an account holder so as to obtain access to someone else's personal information. For more information, see EPIC's page on Illegal Sale of Phone Records and the Privacy Page of the National Conference of State Legislatures.

Federal Court Temporarily Blocks New Government Rule on Employment Eligibility Verification. A federal judge today issued a temporary restraining order to stop the Homeland Security agency from enforcing a new rule for its employment eligibility verification system (now called "E-Verify") requiring employers to fire employees if they are unable to resolve "no match" discrepancies within 90 days. The federal government is restricted from issuing 140,000 "no match" letters to employers, which would affect about 8 million workers nationwide. The federal government also is battling Illinois over E-Verify, filing suit in a federal court seeking to block a new Illinois law that prohibits employers from using the system until the federal databases it uses can be certified as 99 percent accurate. EPIC has testified about the myriad security and privacy problems inherent in the E-Verify system. In California, Senate Bill 168 was signed into law in October 2001.

The bill gives individuals the ability to request that a "security alert" be placed on their credit record via a toll-free phone number.? The bill also enables Californians to request a "security freeze" that prevents credit agencies from releasing personal information from an individual's credit report.? The bill places important restrictions on use of the SSN-public posting of a SSN and printing the SSN on an identity card or document used to obtain a product or service is prohibited.? Businesses that use the SSN to identify customers, such as utility companies, will no longer be permitted to print the SSN on invoices or bills sent through the mail. A law taking effect in January 2005 in Arizona prohibits the disclosure of the SSN to the general public, the printing of the identifier on government and private-sector identification cards, and establishes technical protection requirements for online transmission of SSNs.

The new law also prohibits printing the SSN on materials mailed to residents of Arizona. Exceptions to the new protections are limited­companies that wish to continue to use the SSN must do so continuously, must disclose the use of the SSN annually to consumers, and must afford consumers a right to opt-out of continued employment of the SSN. Arizona and federal laws and university policies protect the privacy of individual social security numbers by limiting the conditions under which they are collected, used, and disclosed.

Protection of SSNs helps to protect personal privacy and to avoid fraud and identity theft. While the social security number was first introduced as a device for keeping track of contributions to the Social Security program, its use has been expanded by government entities and the private sector to keep track of many other government and private sector records. Use of the SSN as a federal government identifier was based on Executive Order 9397, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt.

Beginning in the 1960s, federal agencies started adopting the SSN as a governmental identifier, and its use for keeping track of government records, on both the federal and state levels, greatly increased. Federal, state, and local agencies may deny an individual a right, benefit, or privilege provided by law because of such individual's refusal to disclose the individual's social security number if the disclosure is required by federal statute. " It shall be unlawful for any Federal, State or local government agency to deny to any individual any right, benefit, or privilege provided by law because of such individual's refusal to disclose his social security account number. Only a very narrow set of government agencies and financial organizations are required to ask for a customer's SSN by law. That list does not include landlords, cable companies, cell phone providers, or even credit reporting agencies, which all habitually request SSNs simply because a number is more precise than a name.

Americans have repeatedly rejected the idea of instituting a formal national identification system when it was proposed for use in health care or to prevent illegal immigration. Delta State University is required by federal law to report all compensation of employees, along with their name and social security number, to federal and state agencies, e.g. the IRS. The social security number of an employee is not used as the primary identifier of the employee; a university-issued DSU ID number is used as the primary identifier for the employee. DSU will not disclose the social security number of any employee to anyone outside the Mississippi IHL system except as allowed by law or with permission from the individual or as approved by DSU legal counsel. Non-citizens who don't have Social Security numbers are exempt from providing a Social Security number in many situations that normally require it, including getting a driver's license, registering for school, getting private health insurance, or applying for public assistance such as subsidized housing. The government doesn't like to give Social Security numbers to non-citizens who aren't authorized to work in the United States.

It says that even banks and credit companies usually can't require you to provide a Social Security number if you don't have one. It's unclear when private companies first had the bright idea of using SSNs to identify their customers. The evolution of laws that required the use of SSNs for various government purposes like food stamps is well-documented, and the government does require that SSNs be collected by certain financial institutions. In fact, the Social Security Administration is one of the most nostalgic agencies in government and maintains extensive historical records. It has its own history museum, its own historian's office, and a history of the historian's office on its website along with a thorough archive of historical documents.

In 2009, researchers developed an algorithm that could guess an individual's SSN with up to ten percent accuracy depending on the size of the population in the state it was issued. Combined with phishing attacks that trick people into giving up their last four digits, malevolent hackers have become pretty adept at cracking any individual's number. SSNs have become available through data resellers, security breaches at various companies and government agencies, unsuspecting customer service representatives, and even public records, if you know where to look. SSNs can be bought in bulk for $1 each on private online forums, and a specific person's SSN can reportedly be had for as little as $3.80. U.S. Sues Illinois for Passing Law Demanding Accuracy in Employment Eligibility System. The federal government has filed suit in a federal district court seeking to block a new Illinois law, claiming it preempts federal law.

However, the state law does not ban outright employer use of the voluntary employment eligibility verification system called E-Verify. Instead the Illinois law prohibits employers from using the system until the federal databases it uses can be certified as 99 percent accurate. Federal reviews have deemed the system "seriously flawed in content and accuracy"; for example, the Social Security Administration database is estimated to include 18 million incorrect records. 1311, legislation that creates important new protections for the SSN that will take effect later this summer. The new law will limit the collection of the SSN and its incorporation in licenses, permits, passes, or certificates issued by the state. The law requires the establishment of policies for safe destruction of documents containing the SSN.

Insurance companies operating in the state must remove the SSN from consumers' identification cards. Finally, the legislation creates new penalties for individuals who use others' personal information to injure or defraud another person. For individuals who are receiving any compensation, Delta State University is required by federal law to report the compensation, along with their name and social security number, to the IRS, and therefore such individuals are required to supply their SSNs. The social security numbers of these other associated persons are not used as the primary identifiers in the DSU system; a university-issued DSU ID number is used as the primary identifier for these individuals. DSU will not disclose the social security number of any individual to anyone outside the Mississippi IHL system except as allowed by law or with permission from the individual or as approved by DSU legal counsel. One of the most common forms of identity theft is when someone discovers your SSN and uses it to access personal information.

For example, someone with your name and SSN could walk into your bank pretending to be you, claim that they forgot their account number, and instead provide your SSN. They might make changes to your account by making withdrawals or transferring funds. They could open checking accounts, apply for credit cards and loans in your name, and more.

A hacker can use your SSN to view personal information that you have placed online. Many people do not discover that they have become a victim of identity theft until they try to make a big purchase such as a car or house. Beginning in 1995, every agency that issues a license must annually furnish the revenue services commissioner with a list, by February 1, of those licensed during the preceding calendar year. The list, on a tape file or other acceptable form, must include the licensee's name, address, federal social security account number or federal employer identification number, or both, or the reasons why those numbers are unavailable. The annual lists, with the same information, from agencies of people furnishing goods or services or leasing property are due August 1, beginning in 1995 for transactions of the preceding fiscal year. Agencies which require applicants for a particular benefit or privilege to furnish SSNs include the departments of Public Safety, Revenue Services, and Social Services, and the Insurance Department.

Other agencies request SSNs but have informed OLR they would not deny benefits or privileges to applicants who refuse to provide SSNs. It appears that some of these agencies do not inform applicants that the numbers are to be furnished on a voluntary basis, as required by federal law. In researching this part of the memo, OLR spoke with staff of selected agencies and inquired about selected programs or benefits. Each local government agency must file a written copy of its privacy policy with the governing board of the unit of local government within 30 days after approval of the policy. Each local government agency must advise its employees of the existence of the policy and make a copy of the policy available to each of its employees, and must also make its privacy policy available to any member of the public, upon request.